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培养学生自主学习的能力

作者:admin 来源:网络日期:2009-2-6 1:20:06

四、Brainstorming的应用实例
例1：围绕话题Studentshouldwearschooluniforms.进行Brainstorming。教师（或指定的学生）按照学生的发言顺序在黑板的一侧记下学生的想法。这时可不必过多地考虑板书的规整。以下是全班讨论时的板书内容：
Reasonsforwearingschooluniforms
Iooseandbig,goodforplayingsports,easytorecognize,proudtorepresentone'sschool,easyforschooltomanagewhenhavingactivitieswithotherschoolsorgoingoutside,canbeseenbydriversincrossingthestreet,helpremembertheyarestudents,savemoney,don'thavetothinkwhattowear,paymoreattentiontostudies,schoolcampuslookstidier,everyoneisthesame.
教师把学生讨论后形成的统一意见写在黑板的另一侧。
附图
例2：围绕话题Keepingpets”进行Brainstorming。教师可通过下列问题对学生进行引导。例如：
Doyouhaveanypets?
Whatkindofpetsdoyouhave?
Whydoyouliketokeep...?
Whatkindsofpetsdopeoplekeep?
Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofkeepingpets?
教师将分类结果以Cluster的形式通过板书或投影的呈现出来。
附图
下面是一名高一学生根据以下语言素材写的一段话：
Iliketokeepcatsaspet.Iusedtohaveacat.EverydayIplayedwiththecatwhenmyparentswereatwork.WhereverandwheneverIwent,Iwouldbringthecatwithme.Wewerereallygoodfriends.ButnowIdon'thaveanyofthemanymore.Igavemycattomyneighbour,becauseI'mverybusywithme.Wewerereallygoodfriends.ButnotIdon'thaveanyofthemanymore.Igavemycattomyneighbour,becauseI'm&

nbsp;verybusywithmystudies.Keepingthecattooktoomuchtimeandattentionfromme.IfIhadsometimeinthefuture,Isurelywouldkeepacatagain.
例3：围绕话题：Televisionhasalwayshadbadinfluenceonsociety,doyouagree?进行Brainstorming教师在黑板上列两栏：Reasonsforwatchingtelevision和Reasonsagainstwatchingtelevision,然后引导全班进行讨论。
Reasonsforwatchingtelevision:
makelifemoreinteresting,gettoknowmoreaboutothercountries,enjoybeautifulsceneryaroundtheworld,keeppeoplebetterinformed,educationalvalue,providedwithentertainmentandrelaxationbyinterestingprogrammes,learnskills,learnforeignlanguages,tele-shopping,learnhowtocook,learnfarmingmethods,watchfavouritefilms,learnschoolsubjects
Reasonsagainstwatchingtelevision:
lowermotivationinstudies;damageeyesight;makepeoplelazy;don'twanttodohousework;unhealthyprogrammessuchasvi.olence,sexormurderforchildren;misleadingTVcommercials;childrenlearnhowtofightormakegirlfriendsandboyfriendsatanearlyage;harmpeople'shealth.
教师也可以用Spidermap的形式列出学生提出的所有想法（见下图）：
附图http://www.dxlww.net代写论文网
然后教师可以归纳学生的讨论结果，并通过表格的形式展示出来。（见下表）
AdvantagesofWatchingTelevision
EntertainmentEducationInformation
favouritefilmsforeignlanguages
interestingschoolcoursesnews
programmesskilltrainingaround
etc.(cooking

,farming)theworld,
etc.etc.

下面是Brainstorming之后一个学生写出的短文：
Televisionisconsideredtobeoneofthegreatestinventionsofthelastcentury.AsIcanremember,thewordtelevision,comesfromtwowords--teleandvision,whichmeansfarandsee.Sotelevisionisanappliancethatcanhelpusseefar.Infact,televisionhasplayedanimportantpartinmodernsocietysinceitsinvention.Itmakestheworldsmaller,aswecanbeinformedofwhatishappeningaroundtheworld.Itentertainsuswithdifferentkindsofprogrammes,ltalsohelpsuslearn.Somepeopleevenbelievethatoursocietycannotadvancewithouttelevision.
Aseverycoinhastwosides,televisionalsocausessomeproblems。Thefirstoneisahealthproblem.WeoftencallthosewhowatchTVtoomuchcouchpotatoesbecausetheywatchTvfortoolongandalwayseatwhilewatching,whichmakesthemputonweighteasily.Theirlackofexercisesmayalsocauseotherdiseases.Secondly,watchingtoomuchTVisawasteoftime.Nomatterwhetheryouareateacher,astudentoranofficeclerk,orevenahousewife,youmayalwayshavesomethingmoreimportantto&nb

sp;do.ButifyouareaddictedtowachingTV,youarelikelytoneglectotherthings.What'smore,sometelevisionprogrammeshaveabadinfluenceonteenagers.NotallprogrammesonTVaregoodorsuitableforchildren.Someofthemmakemattersworse,becausechildrenmayimitatewhattheyhaveseenonTV.That'soneofthereasonswhytherearesomanyschoolshootingsorcasesofrobberyintheUSA.
Inmyopinion,thoughtelevisiondoeshavesomebadinfluenceonsociety,itisstillausefultoolinourdailylife.Themostimportantthingisourattitudetowardsit:WecanwachTVtogetinformationorentertainourselves,butweshouldn'tspendtoomuchtimeonit.ChildrenshouldalsobeallowedtowatchTV,buttheymustbegivennecessary;guidanceaboutwhattowatchandhowlongtowatcheveryday.Ifusedwell,televisionwillbecomeourreliablefriendandwillbebeneficialtothedevelopmentofoursociety.
Brainstorming重视写前的行为指导和行为矫正，能使写的行为配合“想”的过程，并把“想”的成果体现在纸上。实践证明，这种写的准备性程序的训练是有效的，对提高学生的整体语言素质和培养其写作的能力也是必要的。
【参考文献】
1Brown,H.D.1994.TeachingbyPrinciples.PrenticeHall.
2　何克抗：“建构主义——革新传统教学的理论基础”，《电化教育研究》，1997年。
3Arthur,B.1998.BeginningtoWrite.CambridgeUniversityPress